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Best Password Managers 2026

Daily-updated rankings of the best password managers, scored on real annual cost, breach record, encryption architecture, passkey support, platform coverage, export freedom, and family sharing.

Last updated: 2026-09-18 Β· 10 entries tracked daily

Rank Trend β€” Top 10

Lower = better rank. Showing last 18 days.

Current Rankings

#1
Bitwarden Bitwarden
免費 / $19.80/εΉ΄ 9.4/10

Open-source vault with an unlimited-device free tier and Premium at $19.80 a year, audited annually and self-hostable.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 9.8
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.8
Encryption Architecture & Audits 9.5
Passkey Support 9.5
Platform & Browser Coverage 9.5
Import & Export Freedom 9.8
Family & Sharing Features 9.0
#2
1Password AgileBits
$47.88/yr 9.2/10

The most polished apps in the category, with Secret Key protection on top of the master password and a vault that has never been decrypted in a breach.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 7.8
Breach Record & Disclosure 9.6
Encryption Architecture & Audits 9.6
Passkey Support 9.5
Platform & Browser Coverage 9.6
Import & Export Freedom 8.6
Family & Sharing Features 9.4
#3
Free / $23.88/yr 9.0/10

Swiss vault bundling unlimited SimpleLogin email aliases into a $23.88 annual plan after the 2026 price cut.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 9.5
Breach Record & Disclosure 9.2
Encryption Architecture & Audits 9.3
Passkey Support 9.0
Platform & Browser Coverage 8.8
Import & Export Freedom 9.5
Family & Sharing Features 8.4
#4
NordPass Nord Security
Free / $1.29/mo 8.4/10

XChaCha20-encrypted vault with the cheapest six-person family plan on the market at $2.79 a month.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 9.2
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.6
Encryption Architecture & Audits 8.9
Passkey Support 8.5
Platform & Browser Coverage 8.6
Import & Export Freedom 8.0
Family & Sharing Features 8.8
#5
Keeper Keeper Security
$34.99/yr 8.2/10

FedRAMP, HIPAA, SOC 2 and ISO 27001 certified vault with per-record encryption keys and the strongest admin controls for regulated teams.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 7.2
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.8
Encryption Architecture & Audits 9.2
Passkey Support 8.4
Platform & Browser Coverage 9.0
Import & Export Freedom 7.4
Family & Sharing Features 8.6
#6
Dashlane Dashlane
$59.99/yr 7.9/10

Browser-first vault with built-in dark web monitoring and a passwordless login flow that drops the master password entirely.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 6.5
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.4
Encryption Architecture & Audits 8.8
Passkey Support 8.6
Platform & Browser Coverage 8.2
Import & Export Freedom 7.0
Family & Sharing Features 8.4
#7
Free 7.7/10

Free system-level vault on iOS 26 and macOS 26 with end-to-end encrypted iCloud sync and the first OS-level passkey export API.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 10.0
Breach Record & Disclosure 9.0
Encryption Architecture & Audits 8.6
Passkey Support 9.2
Platform & Browser Coverage 5.4
Import & Export Freedom 7.8
Family & Sharing Features 6.4
#8
RoboForm RoboForm
Free / $29.88/yr 7.3/10

The strongest web form filler in the category, with a free tier and Premium under $30 a year.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 8.6
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.2
Encryption Architecture & Audits 8.0
Passkey Support 7.2
Platform & Browser Coverage 8.0
Import & Export Freedom 7.6
Family & Sharing Features 7.0
#9
Enpass Enpass Technologies
$23.99/yr or lifetime 7.1/10

Offline-first vault that stores data locally and syncs through your own iCloud, Dropbox or WebDAV account, with a one-time lifetime licence available.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 8.8
Breach Record & Disclosure 8.6
Encryption Architecture & Audits 8.2
Passkey Support 7.0
Platform & Browser Coverage 7.4
Import & Export Freedom 8.4
Family & Sharing Features 6.6
#10
LastPass LastPass
$36/yr 6.2/10

Long-running vault with broad browser coverage, carrying a Β£1.2m ICO penalty for the 2022 backup breach and a June 2026 CRM incident via vendor Klue.

Real Annual Cost & Free Tier 6.8
Breach Record & Disclosure 3.2
Encryption Architecture & Audits 7.6
Passkey Support 7.8
Platform & Browser Coverage 8.8
Import & Export Freedom 7.4
Family & Sharing Features 7.6

Today's Analysis Β· 2026-09-18

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4 and the order carries forward. This week's news concerns a kind of password most people never think about: the API keys and tokens that AI coding tools now use to reach GitHub, databases and chat apps.

On 17 September Hush Security reported that across roughly 82,000 public Model Context Protocol configuration files, 12% of credential slots held a hardcoded secret. The configs came from Claude Code, Cursor, VS Code, Windsurf, Gemini, OpenAI Codex and JetBrains. 80% of the exposed credentials had no expiry date and 53% granted broad organisation or workspace access. If anyone in your household or small business has started using an AI assistant for code or automation, this applies to you.

The fix belongs in a password manager, and the top of this list handles it well. Bitwarden runs a separate Secrets Manager product with a free tier, built to inject tokens into scripts and pipelines at run time, and that open, affordable option strengthens its case for first place. 1Password, second at 9.2, offers secret references through its CLI, so a config file holds a pointer like an op:// path and the real value is fetched only when the tool starts. Keeper, fifth at 8.2, also sells a dedicated secrets manager for teams.

My three step routine: move every token out of config files and into your manager, give each token the narrowest scope and an expiry date, and rotate anything that ever touched a Git repository.

One more item from the same digest is worth watching. iProov published HAPS, an open Apache 2.0 specification that lets a real person cryptographically approve an action an AI agent wants to take, and it works alongside OAuth, OpenID Connect and WebAuthn. As agents start logging in on our behalf, that kind of human approval step belongs next to the passkeys already in our vaults.

AI tool configs leak secrets

Hush Security found hardcoded secrets in 12% of credential slots across about 82,000 public MCP configs, and 80% had no expiry.

Bitwarden covers developer secrets

Its Secrets Manager, with a free tier, injects tokens at run time and adds to its case for first place at 9.4.

1Password secret references

Config files hold an op:// pointer and the CLI fetches the real value only at launch.

Human approval for agents

iProov's open HAPS specification lets a person cryptographically approve an AI agent's action and works with WebAuthn.

References

Update History

2026-09-17

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4. Several readers forwarded me headlines about Pass-ta-key this week asking whether passkeys are broken, so this update answers that directly: passkeys remain the strongest login you can use, and the research tells us where to put our attention.

Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 described three attacks against the passkeys that Google Password Manager syncs through Chrome. The basic version lets malware quietly request a valid passkey login with no fingerprint or PIN prompt. The silver version registers the attacker's own verification key through device re-enrollment. The golden version extracts the master secret that protects synced passkeys and decrypts all of them.

The detail that matters most for readers: every one of the three requires malware already running on the victim's Windows computer. A clean machine is safe from all of them.

So my advice is about the device first. Keep Windows and Chrome updated, run the built-in security tools, and treat a pirated installer as the single biggest risk to your accounts. Then give your vault its own lock. A dedicated password manager that asks for its own unlock, with a short auto-lock timer, adds a barrier between a compromised browser session and your credentials.

Bitwarden fits that setup well, with passkeys at 9.5, encryption at 9.5 and a free tier covering unlimited devices. I set its vault timeout to fifteen minutes on shared or work machines. 1Password at 9.2 holds breach record at 9.6 and encryption at 9.6, the strongest pair in this table, and its account secret key protects the vault even if the account password leaks.

Proton Pass at 9.0 keeps migration at 9.5, so moving your passkeys and passwords in from a browser store takes a single import.

Apple Passwords at 7.7 keeps passkeys at 9.2 for households fully inside Apple devices.

The ranking carries forward unchanged.

Pass-ta-key needs malware already on the PC

All three Unit 42 attacks against Google-synced passkeys require a compromised Windows machine.

Passkeys remain the strongest login

Device hygiene is the defense: updates, built-in security tools and no pirated installers.

Give the vault its own lock

A dedicated manager with its own unlock and a short auto-lock timer adds a real barrier.

1Password pairs 9.6 breach record with 9.6 encryption

Its secret key protects the vault even if the account password leaks.

2026-09-16

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4, and iOS 27 arriving on 14 September makes this a good week to check where your passkeys actually live.

Apple Passwords sits at 7.7 here, and its passkey score of 9.2 is among the best on the list. The platform score of 5.4 is why it stays seventh. If your household runs an iPhone, a Windows laptop and an Android tablet, a passkey created in Safari on the new iOS follows you to exactly one of those three.

So here is what I would do this week. Open your manager on the iPhone, confirm it is still set as the AutoFill provider in Settings, and create one test passkey on a site you do not care about. Major iOS updates have a history of resetting that provider, and a passkey saved into the wrong vault is a login you will have to rescue later.

Bitwarden stays my recommendation for almost everyone. Its passkey score of 9.5 covers creation, storage and sync across every major browser, the free tier holds unlimited passwords on unlimited devices, and Premium runs about $20 a year. Open source clients and a self hosting option make it the safest long term home for credentials.

1Password at 9.2 remains the smoothest daily experience, with a platform score of 9.6 and the strongest breach record here at 9.6. For families who want sharing that simply works, it earns the higher price.

Proton Pass at 9.0 is the value story of 2026 after halving its price, and its migration score of 9.5 means your data can leave whenever you want it to.

Whichever you run, export an encrypted backup before you update anything. I do mine on the first of every month.

Check your AutoFill provider after updating

Major iOS releases have reset that setting before, and iOS 27 shipped on 14 September. Confirm it, then create one test passkey on a site you do not care about.

Apple Passwords scores 9.2 on passkeys and 5.4 on platforms

It handles passkeys well and lives inside one ecosystem. Mixed households with a Windows laptop or an Android tablet need a manager that travels.

Bitwarden covers passkeys everywhere at 9.5

Creation, storage and sync across every major browser, unlimited passwords on the free tier, and Premium at about $20 a year with open source clients.

Export an encrypted backup before any update

Proton Pass scores 9.5 on migration freedom and Bitwarden 9.8, so exporting takes a minute. I run mine on the first of the month.

2026-09-15

Bitwarden keeps first at 9.4, and this week I looked at what these managers actually cost in 2026, because pricing moved more this year than features did. Tech Insider's comparison of Proton Pass, Bitwarden, and 1Password summarizes the shifts: 1Password raised its individual plan, Bitwarden raised its Premium tier, and Proton Pass cut its price in half.

Even after its increase, Bitwarden Premium costs about $20 a year, and the free tier already includes unlimited passwords on unlimited devices. Add open-source clients and a self-hosting option, and Bitwarden remains the manager I recommend to almost everyone.

1Password holds 9.2 as the easiest manager to live with. The price increase makes it the most expensive of the top three, and it earns that premium for families and companies: Watchtower alerts are clear, vault sharing is simple, and team administration is the best in the category. Mac User's September 9 test reached the same verdict for less technical households.

Proton Pass stays third at 9.0 and now tells the strongest value story here. The half-price plan makes it cheap on its own, and Proton Unlimited bundles Pass with Mail, VPN, and Drive in a single subscription. Its steady releases, including the recent fix that keeps offline mode available during server hiccups, show a team shipping at a healthy pace.

My advice for anyone renewing this autumn: check your renewal date and plan price before the charge arrives. Switching has become easy. Bitwarden, 1Password, and Proton Pass all import exports from the others, and Proton Pass even reads Bitwarden's custom autofill matching rules.

NordPass at 8.4 and Keeper at 8.2 remain solid paid options, and Apple Passwords at 7.7 is the free answer for all-Apple households.

No ranking changes this week.

2026 reshuffled password manager prices

1Password and Bitwarden raised prices while Proton Pass cut its plan in half, according to Tech Insider's comparison.

Bitwarden is still the value leader

About $20 a year for Premium and a free tier with unlimited passwords and devices keep it first at 9.4.

Proton Pass gains on price

The half-price plan and the Proton Unlimited bundle with Mail, VPN, and Drive make it the best-value third place at 9.0.

Check your renewal before it charges

All top three import each other's exports, so an autumn renewal is a good moment to compare and switch.

2026-09-14

Bitwarden keeps first at 9.4, and an independent test published this week lands in the same place. Mac User's September 9 head-to-head of 1Password, Bitwarden, and Proton Pass named Bitwarden the best free option and the best pick for technical users, citing open-source clients, self-hosting, and a free tier with unlimited passwords. Premium costs about $20 a year. That combination of inspectable code and a price nobody can argue with is why Bitwarden is my default recommendation.

1Password holds 9.2 with the friendliest interface in the category, and Mac User reached the same verdict for families and less technical users. For companies, its team administration remains the strongest card in the deck.

Proton Pass stays third at 9.0 and has the most visible release cadence of the three. Version 1.40.2 arrived around September 10 with a fix that keeps you signed in during temporary server problems so offline mode stays available. The August 1.39.0 release added import of autofill matching rules from Bitwarden, which makes a trial switch far less painful for anyone with years of custom rules.

One research finding deserves context. Researchers from ETH Zurich and UniversitΓ  della Svizzera italiana built 27 attack scenarios against the cloud services of Bitwarden, LastPass, Dashlane, and 1Password. Every scenario requires an attacker to fully control the provider's servers, which has not happened at any major provider, and the researchers still recommend using a password manager. My takeaway: favour vendors that publish their architecture and fix findings in public. Bitwarden, 1Password, and Proton earned the top three on exactly that behaviour.

NordPass at 8.4 and Keeper at 8.2 round out the solid paid options, and Apple Passwords at 7.7 is the right free answer for anyone who lives entirely on Apple devices.

No ranking changes this week.

Independent testing backs Bitwarden

Mac User's September 9 comparison named Bitwarden the best free and most technical option, matching its 9.4 here on open-source code, self-hosting, and a roughly $20 Premium plan.

1Password is the easiest to live with

The cleanest interface and strongest team administration keep 1Password at 9.2, and it is my pick for families and companies that value polish.

Proton Pass ships steady improvements

Version 1.40.2 keeps offline mode available during server hiccups, and Bitwarden autofill rule import lowers the cost of trying it. It holds 9.0.

Server-compromise research, in proportion

The 27 attack scenarios all require full control of a provider's servers. Keep using a manager, and choose one that publishes its design and fixes openly.

2026-09-11

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4 and I will keep defending that placement for as long as the facts support it. The clients are open source and independently audited, the free tier covers unlimited devices, and the paid tier costs about the price of a coffee per year. Security software you can inspect, at a price that removes every excuse for leaving a family member unprotected, is the correct default recommendation.

1Password stays at 9.2 with the best interface and the strongest team administration in the category. If you are rolling this out across a company where the deciding factor is whether non-technical staff actually adopt it, the polish pays for itself several times over.

Proton Pass at 9.0 makes sense for anyone already paying for Proton Mail, mostly because its integrated email aliasing removes a real attack surface. Handing every site a unique address contains the damage from the breach you will eventually be part of.

The context I want to flag this week is that the major labs all shipped gated cyber-capability models in early September. Offensive tooling is getting cheaper to operate on both sides of the fence. Unique passwords per site and hardware-backed two-factor are no longer advanced practice. They are the floor, and a manager is how an ordinary person reaches that floor without thinking about it.

Auditable code at a trivial price is the right default

Bitwarden combines open-source clients, independent audits, unlimited free devices and a paid tier costing a few dollars a year. That removes every excuse for leaving anyone in your household unprotected.

Adoption is a security feature

1Password's interface quality decides whether non-technical colleagues actually use the tool. A manager nobody opens protects nothing, which is why polish justifies the higher price in a company rollout.

Email aliasing contains the breach you will be part of

Proton Pass handing every site a unique address means one leaked database exposes one throwaway alias. That is a structural improvement over reusing your real address everywhere.

Cheap offensive tooling makes the basics mandatory

With gated cyber models shipping from every major lab this month, unique credentials per site and hardware two-factor have moved from good practice to the minimum floor.

2026-09-09

Ranking holds. Bitwarden stays first at 9.4 and my reasoning has not changed: it is open source, independently audited, and the free tier is genuinely usable rather than a trial in disguise. In security software, being able to verify the claims matters more than any feature list.

1Password at 9.2 has the better interface and the stronger family sharing implementation, and for households where one person manages everyone else's security, that polish translates into people actually using it. A password manager nobody adopts protects nothing.

Proton Pass at 9.0 is the pick if you already use Proton Mail, and the integrated email aliasing is a genuinely useful privacy tool rather than a bundled extra.

The advice I keep repeating: the single most valuable thing you can do this week is turn on two-factor authentication for your password manager itself, and store the recovery codes somewhere physical. The vault is now the single point of failure for your entire digital life. Treat its recovery path with the seriousness that deserves, because losing access to a password manager is considerably worse than never having used one.

Open source and audited beats a longer feature list

In security software, being able to verify the claims matters more than any comparison table. Bitwarden is open source, independently audited, and its free tier is genuinely usable rather than a trial in disguise. That combination is what 9.4 rewards.

1Password wins where adoption is the hard part

The better interface and stronger family sharing mean people actually use it. In a household where one person manages everyone else’s security, that polish is the difference between protection and a good intention. A manager nobody adopts protects nothing.

Secure the vault itself, this week

Turn on two-factor authentication for your password manager and store the recovery codes somewhere physical. The vault is now the single point of failure for your entire digital life, and losing access to it is considerably worse than never having used one.

2026-09-07

Bitwarden holds first place and I want to defend that choice against the obvious objection, which is that Bitwarden appeared in the ETH Zurich and Universita della Svizzera italiana study published in February 2026 that identified twenty seven vulnerabilities across four major password managers. It did, alongside LastPass, Dashlane and 1Password. Bitwarden confirmed it addressed all of the issues identified in its product.

That response is the reason it stays at 9.4. I score breach record on how a vendor behaves when researchers find something, because every codebase of this complexity will have findings. The behaviour I want is fast acknowledgement, a fix, and a public confirmation that the fix shipped. Bitwarden did all three. Its open source codebase is also what allowed independent researchers to look in the first place, and I would rather use software that gets examined than software that does not.

The April 2026 npm supply chain incident, where a malicious version of the Bitwarden command line package was published for roughly ninety minutes, is a real event and its blast radius sits in developer tooling. Users of the browser extension and mobile apps were not affected. I am noting it because readers deserve the full picture, and it does not change the vault security assessment.

1Password stays at 9.2 and remains my recommendation for families and small teams, because its sharing model is the easiest to set up correctly. Proton Pass at 9.0 is the pick if your threat model puts jurisdiction first.

LastPass stays at the bottom of this list at 6.2. Its history is documented and I see no reason to move it.

Bitwarden stays first on how it handled being found

The February 2026 academic study identified twenty seven vulnerabilities across Bitwarden, LastPass, Dashlane and 1Password. Bitwarden acknowledged the findings and confirmed it addressed all of them in its product. That is the behaviour I score. Every product at this complexity level will have findings, so the question that matters is what happens next, and Bitwarden answered it well enough to keep 9.4.

Open source is why researchers could look in the first place

The study that found those vulnerabilities was possible because the code was available to examine. I would rather run software that independent researchers can audit and do audit, because the alternative is trusting that a closed codebase has no findings simply because none have been published. That reasoning puts Bitwarden and Proton Pass ahead of closed competitors on my encryption scoring.

The April npm incident hit developers, not vaults

A malicious version of the Bitwarden command line package was published through npm in April 2026 and was available for roughly ninety minutes. It targeted developer credentials on machines that installed the CLI in that window. Browser extension and mobile app users were unaffected and no vault data was compromised through it. Readers should know the event happened, and it does not change where the product sits.

1Password is still the easiest to set up correctly for a family

The most common real world failure in this category is a sharing setup that leaks more than the owner intended. 1Password's vault model makes the correct configuration the obvious one, which matters when the people you are sharing with are not going to read documentation. I rank it second overall and first for households and small teams for exactly that reason.

2026-09-05

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4 and the reason is architectural. The client is open source, the encryption model has been independently audited, and you can self-host the entire thing if you decide you no longer trust the company. That escape hatch is the most valuable property a password manager can have, because you are handing one product the keys to your entire digital life and the question that matters is what happens if that company changes hands, changes policy or gets breached. Bitwarden answers that question in a way nobody else does, and the free tier is genuinely usable with no trial expiry. 1Password at 9.2 has the better user experience and the best family sharing implementation, and for households where one person manages security for everyone it is the easier recommendation. Proton Pass at 9.0 bundles well with the rest of Proton's suite. A note prompted by this week's AI news: OpenAI flagged GPT-6 Astra as reaching its critical-cyber safeguard threshold, and whatever you think of the framing, capable models lower the cost of credential attacks. Turn on passkeys wherever a site supports them, because a passkey cannot be phished and a password always can.

Self-hosting is the escape hatch that matters

You are handing one product the keys to your entire digital life, so what happens if that company changes hands or gets breached is the question. Bitwarden lets you run the whole thing yourself, and nobody else does.

Turn on passkeys wherever a site supports them

A passkey cannot be phished and a password always can. With frontier models lowering the cost of credential attacks, moving your important accounts to passkeys is the single highest-value security change available.

Bitwarden's free tier is genuinely usable

Unlimited passwords across unlimited devices with no trial expiry means the barrier to getting a family off reused passwords is zero. That accessibility does more for real-world security than any premium feature.

1Password is easier when one person manages everyone

The family sharing implementation is the best here and the interface needs no explanation. For a household where one person handles security for the rest, that at 9.2 is the practical choice.

2026-09-04

Bitwarden holds first at 9.4 and the reason is a combination that nothing else here matches: open source code that security researchers can audit directly, a free tier that is genuinely complete for a single user, and a clean breach record. In password management, the ability to inspect the code matters more than in almost any other software category, because you are asking a company to hold the keys to your entire digital life on trust. Bitwarden lets that trust be verified. The paid tier at ten dollars a year is also the best value in consumer software, and family plans are priced sensibly. 1Password at 9.2 has the better user experience by a clear margin, and its secret key architecture adds a genuine security layer beyond your master password. For a family where several people need this to just work, the polish is worth paying for. Proton Pass at 9.0 is the right pick for anyone already in the Proton ecosystem, and its email aliasing feature is genuinely useful for limiting breach exposure. NordPass at 8.4 and Keeper at 8.2 are both competent and priced above what they deliver. Guidance that matters more than the choice: turn on passkeys wherever a site supports them. A passkey cannot be phished, and that eliminates the attack that actually compromises most accounts.

Auditable code matters most in this category

You are trusting a company with the keys to your entire digital life. Bitwarden's open source code lets security researchers verify that trust directly, which is a guarantee no closed-source competitor can offer.

Turn on passkeys wherever a site supports them

A passkey cannot be phished, which eliminates the attack that compromises most accounts. This single change improves your security more than switching between any two managers on this list.

1Password earns its price on family usability

When several people in a household need this to work without support, the interface polish and the secret key architecture justify the cost. A manager that family members abandon protects nobody.

Email aliasing limits what a breach exposes

Proton Pass generates a unique address per site, so a breached database cannot be linked to your other accounts. For anyone already using Proton, that containment is a meaningful practical advantage.

2026-09-01

Two things should drive this decision, and feature count carries very little weight here. The first is breach history and how the company handled it, because every password manager will eventually face a security incident and the response tells you far more than the marketing. The second is export capability, because a password manager you cannot leave is a trap, and the ability to export your full vault in a standard format is what keeps a vendor honest about pricing and service. Check that before you commit, since migrating hundreds of credentials later depends on it. Passkey support has become the third consideration as more services adopt them, and the managers handling passkeys cleanly across platforms will save you real friction over the next two years. Bitwarden holds first at 9.4 because it is open source with regular third-party audits, its free tier is genuinely complete for individual use, and its export is straightforward and unrestricted. 1Password at 9.2 has the best user experience and the strongest family sharing, and its security architecture with the secret key is genuinely well designed. Proton Pass at 9.0 is the choice if you want your password manager inside a broader privacy suite.

Verify you can export your full vault before committing

A password manager you cannot leave is a trap, and migrating hundreds of credentials later depends entirely on standard-format export. Check this capability before you import your life into a service. It is also what keeps a vendor honest about future pricing and service quality.

Bitwarden wins on open source plus regular third-party audits

The code is public and independently audited on a regular schedule, which means the security claims are verifiable in a way closed products cannot match. The free tier is genuinely complete for individual use and export is unrestricted. At 9.4 that combination is why it holds first place.

Judge a vendor by how it handled its incidents

Every password manager faces a security incident eventually. What separates them is disclosure speed, honesty about scope, and what changed afterwards. Reading a company's incident history tells you more about the security you are buying than any feature comparison, and that history is public.

Choose 1Password for families and shared vaults

At 9.2 its family sharing is the best implemented here, and the secret key architecture adds a genuine layer that protects you even if the master password is compromised. For a household managing shared accounts across several people, the user experience advantage translates into everyone actually using it.